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- !hΩ WORLD, Page 46HUNGARYNow You See It . . .
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- The party sheds Communism, but will voters buy the switch?
-
- By John Borrell/BUDAPEST
-
-
- On the concrete wall of an underpass on Rakoczi Street in
- Budapest, someone has scrawled in black crayon DOWN WITH
- COMMUNISTS. Two years ago, such a sign of opposition would have
- been quickly removed by Hungary's Communist rulers. Now the
- graffiti not only survive, but the Communists are saying much the
- same thing themselves.
-
- Such is the pace of political change in Hungary these days that
- last year's political blasphemy is this week's new truth. In
- keeping with the wholesale undoing of the past, the ruling party,
- formerly known as the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, is no
- longer officially Communist. At a five-day congress that ended in
- Budapest last week, 1,274 delegates voted overwhelmingly to take
- the Communism out of socialism and become the Hungarian Socialist
- Party. They also sent hard-line General Secretary Karoly Grosz into
- political oblivion and repudiated much of four decades of Communist
- rule, including the suppression of the 1956 uprising by Soviet
- troops.
-
- The switch is the most complete undertaken by a Communist Party
- in Eastern Europe. Not even in Poland, where a Solidarity-led
- coalition has been governing for nearly two months, have Communists
- subjected themselves to so radical a purge of their political
- philosophy. In Hungary it marks the end of the party-state, the
- Marxist concept of a fused identity that still underpins
- governments in Beijing, Havana and Bucharest. The party will even
- examine ways of divesting itself of property acquired during the
- 40 years in which it and the state were virtually
- indistinguishable.
-
- Such concessions were too much for some of the party's
- hard-liners. They set about forming their own political groups,
- each claiming to represent the ideals of the old Communist Party.
- "We will soldier on as a Communist Party," said Roland Antoniewicz,
- leader of the Janos Kadar Society, one newborn hard-line splinter
- named after the party's longtime leader who died in July.
-
- Yet the party may not have gone far enough -- for its own sake
- or for the sake of most Hungarians. "This is just a new label on
- an old bottle," complains Gyorgy Ruttner, an opposition leader who
- heads the Social Democratic Party. Aware that the bottle's contents
- might seem familiar and sour, the more radical reformers among the
- Communists wanted an even sharper break with the past, including
- expulsion of Old Guard hard-liners. In the end, moderates led by
- Rezso Nyers, 66, who was elected party president, stitched together
- a compromise that held the party together but may jeopardize its
- chances in the next elections.
-
- Much of the impetus for reform flowed from the fact that early
- next year Hungary is to have the most open balloting in the East
- bloc in four decades. At least a dozen parties will be competing
- with the Hungarian Socialist Party for the 374 seats in Parliament.
- Reformers within the Communist ranks contended that without a fresh
- image, they stand no chance at the polls. In four recent
- by-elections, the Democratic Forum, which has only 20,000
- registered members, in contrast to the 700,000 claimed by the
- Communist Party, has easily defeated candidates put up by the
- ruling party. The liberal, nationalistic Forum could continue its
- winning streak.
-
- "The new Socialist Party will get 20% to 30% of the vote at
- the most," says Istvan Hegedus, an official of the radical youth
- group Young Democrats. Some opinion polls are predicting that as
- little as 15% of the voters will cast their ballots for the new
- party. Even such a low figure would not rule out a political role
- for the onetime Communists, since the Democratic Forum, expected
- to win a plurality, says it favors a grand coalition involving all
- political groups.
-
- The Socialist Party will get a reading on the electorate's mood
- in late November, when presidential elections are scheduled. Its
- candidate is Imre Pozsgay, a former Politburo member who has
- emerged over the past year as the Communists' leading reformer.
- Opinion polls suggest that he has an attractive public image. Thus,
- as a Western diplomat in Budapest observes, "if Pozsgay can't pull
- it off, the new party is doomed right away."
-
- As of now, Pozsgay faces no official challengers, although the
- Independent Smallholders Party, which mainly represents farmers,
- enlivened the political debate when it proposed Hungary's last
- crown prince, Otto von Habsburg, as its presidential candidate. The
- son of Emperor Karl I, who ruled the Austro-Hungarian empire from
- 1916 until its collapse in 1918, Von Habsburg, 76, retains
- Hungarian citizenship despite being a resident of West Germany and
- holding a seat in the European Parliament. Von Habsburg, a popular
- figure in Hungary, seriously considered running but at week's end
- revealed that he had decided against it. "I can currently do more
- in the European Community for the return of Hungary into the
- community of free peoples," he said.
-
- The Democratic Forum says it will field a candidate, but
- Pozsgay probably has stature enough to win a five-year term as
- President under a constitution -- soon to be approved by Parliament
- -- that is expected to invest considerable powers in the post. The
- revamped party's prospects in parliamentary elections, however,
- look less promising -- not necessarily a cheering development for
- the cause of political reform in general in the East bloc.
-
- Although hardly a consideration for more than a handful of
- voters, a Pozsgay victory and a good showing by his party in the
- general elections could be a boost for glasnost everywhere. It
- would show hard-liners in the bloc that change need not be the
- first step toward political suicide and might even suggest that
- those deft enough to amend their ideology will not necessarily be
- cast aside in open elections. The opposite applies as well,
- however: if the reformed Communists are savaged by the voters, the
- Old Guard everywhere will be digging in its heels. If in the
- electorate's eyes there is no such thing as a good ex-Communist,
- why become one?
-